What do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common?

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells share several fundamental characteristics, one of which is the presence of integral membrane proteins in their plasma membranes. Integral membrane proteins are vital for various cellular functions, including transport, communication, and structural support. In both types of cells, these proteins facilitate the movement of substances across the membrane and play crucial roles in cell signaling.

Prokaryotic cells, which are generally simpler and smaller, possess a plasma membrane that still incorporates integral proteins, allowing them to regulate their internal environment. Eukaryotic cells, being more complex, also contain these membrane proteins in their plasma membranes, contributing to the functionality and specialization of organelles within the cell. This commonality underlines a significant aspect of cellular biology: both types of cells maintain essential life processes through similar molecular mechanisms, despite their structural differences.

In contrast, the other choices either refer to characteristics that are not universally true for both types of cells or apply specifically to one group. For example, not all prokaryotic cells have a cell wall, as some, like certain mycoplasmas, lack this structure. Membrane-bound organelles are characteristic of eukaryotic cells but absent in prokaryotes. Reproduction methods also differ,